Antibody-Free Glycogen Nanoparticles Engage Human Immune T Cells for Intracellular Delivery of Small Drugs or mRNA

Soraia Fernandes, Miriam Quattrociocchi, Marco Cassani, Giulio Savazzi, Darryl Johnson, Giancarlo Forte, Frank Caruso, Francesca Cavalieri

ACS Nano 18, 42, 28910–28923 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.4c09156

T cells play a major role in immune defense against viral infections and diseases such as cancer. Accordingly, developing nanoparticle (NP) systems to effectively deliver therapeutics to T cells is of interest. However, NP-mediated delivery of drugs to T cells is challenging because of the nonphagocytic nature of T cells. To engage T cells and induce cellular internalization, NPs are typically decorated with specific receptor-targeting antibodies, often using laborious and costly procedures. Herein, we report that natural glycogen NPs (i.e., nanosugars) with different sizes (20–80 nm) and surface charges (neutral and positively charged) engage Jurkat T cells, undergo intracellular trafficking, and release encapsulated drug without the use of receptor-targeting antibodies. Specifically, glycogen–resveratrol constructs are employed to reactivate HIV-1 latently infected Jurkat T cells (J-Lat A2) and trigger proviral expression. Both neutral and positively charged glycogen NPs engage with J-Lat A2 cells. Large (84 ± 29 nm) and positively charged (23 ± 5 mV) NPs, denoted phytoglycogen-ethylenediamine (PG_EDA) NPs, readily associate with the cell membrane and are internalized (60%) in J-Lat A2 cells but remain confined in the endocytic vesicles, with moderate reactivation of latent HIV-1 (4.7 ± 0.5%). Conversely, small (21 ± 5 nm) and positively charged (10 ± 6 mV) NPs, bovine glycogen-EDA (BG_EDA) NPs, associate slowly with T cells but show nearly 100% internalization and efficient endosomal escape properties, resulting in 1.5-fold higher reactivation of latent HIV-1 in T cells. PG_EDA NPs and BG_EDA NPs are also internalized by primary human T cells (>90% cell association) and enable the transfection of mRNA, with BG_EDA NPs showing a 2-fold higher transfection than PG_EDA NPs. This work highlights the potential of BG_EDA NPs for the effective intracellular delivery of small-molecule drugs and mRNA in T cells.